Acetylcholine receptor antibody
Test Acetylcholine receptor antibody
Indication Severe weakness
Physiology The antibodies are developed against the self-acetylcholine receptor. ELISA and RIA is recommended
Normal Range 0.03nmol/L
Interpretation Values greater than 0.03nmol/L is critical which indicates fatigues and muscle weakness
Adenovirus antibody titer
Test Adenovirus antibody titer
Indication Adenovirus infections
Physiology This test is routinely done to detect the presence of antibodies against adenovirus. Complement fixation test and ELISA is performed
Normal Range 1:16
Interpretation An antibody response indicates the adenovirus infections
Adrenal antibody
Test Adrenal antibody
Indication Addison’s disease
Physiology This test is performed to detect the insufficient secretion of adrenaline. Indirect fluorescent antibody test is used.
Interpretation A negative tests indicate adrenaline insufficiency characterized by Addisons disease
Adrenal antibody serum test
Test Adrenal antibody serum test
Indication Idiopathic addisons disease
Physiology This test is used to evaluate adrenal insufficiency. A fluorescent antibody is used.
Interpretation Increased levels are seen in adrenal disorders, tuberculosis and cancer of adrenal glands
Alpha 1 -antitrypsin
Test Alpha 1 -antitrypsin
Indication Chronic obstructive lung disease
Physiology A serum sample is required .This enzyme is produced in the liver
Normal Range 78-200mgs/dl
Interpretation Increased levels are seen in cirrhosis and rheumatoid arthiritis, bacterial infections. Values below 70mgs/dL are seen in severe lung disease
Anti-DNA
Test Anti-DNA
Indication Systemic lupus erythematosis
Physiology A serum sample is required
Interpretation Detection of antibody to DNA indicates autoimmune disease
Antibody test
Test Antibody test
Physiology The test commonly includes detecting IgG and IgM antibody titers against influenza A and B virus
Anticardiolipin antibody
Test Anticardiolipin antibody
Indication Thromboses
Physiology These are synthesized in autoimmune conditions like systemus lupus erythematosus. An enzyme immunoassay is required
Interpretation Presence of antibodies to cardiolipin indicates thrombocytopenia
Antideoxyribonuclease-B titer,serum
Test Antideoxyribonuclease-B titer,serum
Indication Streptococcal infections
Physiology This exhibits more antigenicity
Normal Range Less than 170 units
Interpretation Increased values indicate streptococcal infections
Antihyaluronidase titer
Test Antihyaluronidase titer
Indication Glomerulonephritis
Physiology A fasting specimen is required
Normal Range AH less than 1:250 is considered normal
Interpretation An increase in titer indicates streptococcal infections in glomerulus
Antimitochondrial antibody
Test Antimitochondrial antibody
Indication Chronic cirrohosis
Physiology This antibody is generally seen in the case of cirrohosis. ELISA is used
Interpretation A positive tests indicate severe cirrohosis
Antineutrophil antibody
Test Antineutrophil antibody
Indication Presence of neutrophil and granulocyte antibody
Physiology Generallyneutrophils should be in normal range
Interpretation Detection of antibodies indicates neutropenia
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
Test Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
Indication Inflammation of respiratory tracts
Physiology This test is done to assess the presence of antibodies against the glomerular basement membrane. Indirect fluorescence antibody is required
Interpretation Detection of antibodies indicates inflammation of respiratory tracts and glomerular characterized by Wegner’s syndrome
Antinuclear antibody
Test Antinuclear antibody
Indication Systemic lupus erythematosus
Physiology This test is used to detect autoantibodies against the self-antigen in the nucleus
Normal Range Reference range varies from lab to lab
Interpretation Positive tests indicates SLE and chronic hepatitis
Antistreptolysin O titer serum
Test Antistreptolysin O titer serum
Indication Acute fever and infections
Physiology This test is done to detect antibodies against streptolysin o
Normal Range Greater than 166 todd units
Interpretation Elevated titers are seen in rheumatic fever and kidney infections
Automated reagin test
Test Automated reagin test
Indication Presence of syphilis
Physiology The number of cases of syphilis has been on continuous increase in the recent years. An agglutination test is performed
Interpretation Detection of antibodies indicate recent infections
Beta2-microglobulin
Test Beta2-microglobulin
Indication Activity of HIV Virus
Physiology It is a 100 aminoacid pepetide and is a member of class 1 HLA complex. Radioimmunoassay is performed
Normal Range 10nmol/day
Interpretation Increased levels indicates severity of AIDS, Inflammations and leukemia
Bordetella pertussis
Test Bordetella pertussis
Indication Whooping cough
Physiology Bordetella pertusis causes whooping cough. Nasophartngeal swab is required. Fluorescent antibody is required
Interpretation Identification of anti Ig-M antibodies indicate recent infections
C 3 complement
Test C 3 complement
Indication Lupus erythematosus
Physiology C 3 comprises of 70% of total complement protein and also alternative pathways. A radial immunodifussion test is performed
Normal Range 0.90-2.00g/L
Interpretation Decreased levels are seen in acute phase response glomerulonephritis
C 4 complement
Test C 4 complement
Indication Lupus erythematosus
Physiology C 4 is utilized only by classical pathway. Radial immunodifussion test is performed
Interpretation Decreased levels indicates serum sickness, immune complex disease
C-reactive protein
Test C-reactive protein
Indication Infectious diseases
Physiology It is produced by liver. A radioimmunoassay is performed
Normal Range Above 8 milligrams/Ml
Interpretation Panic range-values above 8 micrograms/mL indicate infectious diseases and inflammatory states
C1 Esterase inhibitor serum
Test C1 Esterase inhibitor serum
Indication Angioedema
Physiology C1 is one of the complement components. Freeze serum immediately. Radial immunodifussion method is used.
Normal Range 8-24mgs/dl
Interpretation Values below 8mgs/Dl indicates angioedema
C1 q Immune complex
Test C1 q Immune complex
Indication Autoimmune diseases
Physiology This is used to detect circulating immune complexes. Radioimmunoassay is done. This test is based on the fact that this component binds to Fc portion of the antibody in antigen antibody complexes
Candida antigen test
Test Candida antigen test
Indication Immunocomprimised
Physiology It detects candida antigen in serum samples.ELISA test is performed
Interpretation A negative test indicates low immunity
Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G
Test Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G
Indication Multiple scelerosis
Physiology This immunoglobulin is generally increased in the case of central nervous system disorders and inflammations. Radial immunodifussion test is performed
Normal Range 5%-12%
Interpretation Panic range-values greater than 12% indicate neurologic disorders
Cerebrospinal fluid myelin basic protein
Test Cerebrospinal fluid myelin basic protein
Indication Multiple scelerosis
Physiology This test measures the myelin fragments released in to the spinal cord due to degenerative diseases in the spinal cord. Radioimmunoassay and enzyme assay is performed
Normal Range 6microgrma/ml
Interpretation Panic range-values greater than 6 micrograms/mL indicates degenerative diseases
Complement, Total
Test Complement, Total
Indication Rheumatoid arthiritis and lupus erythematosus
Physiology This test is performed to estimate the total serum complement .Quantitative hemolysis and radial immunodifussion test is performed
Normal Range 100 CH 50 units
Interpretation Decreased levels are seen in autoimmune disease
Coxsackie A virus titer
Test Coxsackie A virus titer
Indication Respiratory illness
Physiology This test is done to detect antibodies to coxsackie A virus. Virus neutralization and complement fixation tests are done
Interpretation Increase in titer indicates meningitis, pericarditis, respiratory tract illness
Cryoglobulin, serum
Test Cryoglobulin, serum
Indication Leukemia
Physiology They precipitate from serum at low temperatures and dissolve at 4 ‘ c
Interpretation An increased level indicates myeloma, leukemia necrosis and viral infections
Cytomegalovirus antibody test
Test Cytomegalovirus antibody test
Indication Intrauterine infection
Physiology This virus is transmitted through intrauterine and can infect whether or not maternal immunity exists. Indirect fluorescent antibody and immunoassay is performed
Normal Range IgM-titer greater than 1:16,IgG titer greater than 1:32
Interpretation Increase of IgG and IgM indicates congenital cytomegalovirus
Entamoeba histolytica serological test
Test Entamoeba histolytica serological test
Indication Liver abscess
Physiology This bacterium causes amoebic dysentery and liver abscess. Complement fixation and immunodifussion test is performed
Normal Range Complement fixation titer-1:8
Glomerular besement antibody test
Test Glomerular besement antibody test
Indication Renal disease
Physiology The body develops antibodies against the self-glomerular basement membrane. Enzyme immunoassay is performed
Heliobacter pylori serology test
Test Heliobacter pylori serology test
Indication Peptic ulcer and gastritis
Physiology The test involves the detection of IgG and IgM which will be developed in the host against this bacterium. ELISA test is performed
Hepatitis A Antibody test
Test Hepatitis A Antibody test
Indication Acute hepatitis A
Physiology The test involves the detection of IgM antibody against this virus using ELISA
Hepatitis Be antigen
Test Hepatitis Be antigen
Indication Chronic hepatitis
Physiology The hepatitis-Be antigen is detected in chronic stage of the disease. Radioimmunoassay is performed
HIV-1/HIV-2 serology
Test HIV-1/HIV-2 serology
Indication AIDS
Physiology This test is to detect the antibody developed against HIV by ELISA and confirm it by western blot
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis serology
Test Hypersensitivity pneumonitis serology
Indication Acute bronchospasm
Physiology This disease develops due to allergy and subsequent hypersensitivity to organic dusts. Immunodifussion tests is performed
IgA antibodies test
Test IgA antibodies test
Indication Transfusion reaction symptoms like sweating, pain and collapse
Physiology In the case of transfusion reaction if the recipient develops antibodies against IgA then anaphylactic shock appears
Normal Range Antibody not present
Influenza A and B titer
Test Influenza A and B titer
Indication Influenza virus infection
Leishmaniasis serological test
Test Leishmaniasis serological test
Indication Kala-azar
Physiology Leishmania donovani infects spleen, bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes. ELISA test is performed
Leptospirosis serodiagonsis test
Test Leptospirosis serodiagonsis test
Indication Febrile illness
Physiology Caused by Leptospira.ELISA test is performed
Lymphogranuloma venerum titer
Test Lymphogranuloma venerum titer
Indication Pelvic inflammatory disease
Physiology It is a sexually transmitted disease. A complement fixation test is done
Measles antibody test
Test Measles antibody test
Indication Rubella
Physiology Measles is caused by virus and infects respiratory tract, causes cough and fever. ELISA test is done.
Normal Range Hemagglutination inhibition-less than 1:10 neutralisation-less than 1:10
Interpretation A fourfold increase in IgM titer indicates viral xanthemias
Mixed lymphocyte culture
Test Mixed lymphocyte culture
Indication Graft rejection
Physiology During transplantation tissue matching is done to evaluate graft acceptance
Normal Range Response is compared with that of normal control
Interpretation A positive response indicates graft rejection
Mumps serology
Test Mumps serology
Indication Mumps
Physiology It is caused by paramyxovirus. ELISA test is done.
Interpretation An increasing titer with increase in viral to soluble titer indicates viral infection
Mycoplasma serology
Test Mycoplasma serology
Indication Pneumonia
Physiology This test involves the evaluation of response to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection
Normal Range IgG-greater than-1:10,IgM-greater than 1:10
Interpretation panic range – A fourfold increase in antibody titer indicates recnt infection
p24 antigen test
Test p24 antigen test
Indication HIV
Normal Range Negative
Interpretation A positive test indicates recent HIV infection
Parasite antibody test
Test Parasite antibody test
Indication parasitic infection
Physiology It consists of batteries of antibodies raised against a particular parasite
Normal Range Negative
Phagocytic cell immunocompetence profile
Test Phagocytic cell immunocompetence profile
Indication Granulomatous disease
Physiology This test is done to evaluate complement and phagocytic cell function disorders
Normal Range C 3-900-2000microgrms/ml,C 4-200-800 micrograms/ml
Interpretation panic range C3-greater than 2000 micrograms/ml. C-4 greater than 800 micrograms/mL
Pneumocystis fluorescence
Test Pneumocystis fluorescence
Indication Pneumonia
Physiology Pneumonia caused by pneumocystis carinii is a common complication in AIDS
Normal Range Antibody titer-serum less than 1:16
Interpretation Panic range-Organisms seen
Poliomyelitis I, II, III titer
Test Poliomyelitis I, II, III titer
Indication Polio
Physiology The test involves the detection of poliovirus antibodies in patients’ serum
Normal Range Greater than 1:8
Interpretation A fourfold increase in titer indicates polio infections
Protein electrophoresis in urine
Test Protein electrophoresis in urine
Indication Multiple myeloma
Physiology This test is done for the quantification of albumins, alpha-1,alpha-2,beta and gamma globulin
Normal Range Negative
Interpretation Higher values indicate lymphoma, myeloma
Protein electrophoresis serum
Test Protein electrophoresis serum
Indication Multiple myeloma
Physiology This test is done for the quantification of albumins, alpha-1, alpha-2, beta and gamma globulin
Normal Range Albumin 5.90 – 8.00, Alpha 1 – 4.00 – 5.50, Alpha 2 – 0.15 – 0.25, Beta – 5-1.00, Gamma – 0.60 – 1.30
Interpretation Higher values indicate cirrhosis, infections, multiple myeloma, acute infections
Respiratory synctial virus serology
Test Respiratory synctial virus serology
Indication Respiratory infection
Rheumatoid factor
Test Rheumatoid factor
Indication Rheumatoid arthritis
Physiology It is an autoimmune disease. Rheumatoids are antibodies directed against our own cells
Normal Range Negative
Interpretation Increased IgM antibodies indicate Rheumatoid arthritis
Rotavirus serology
Test Rotavirus serology
Indication Diarrhea in children
Physiology This test involves the detection of antibodies against rotavirus
Normal Range Negative
Interpretation Detection of antibodies indicates viral infections
Rubella serology
Test Rubella serology
Indication German measles
Physiology It involves the detection of IgM and IgG antibodies to Rubella. ELISA test is performed
Interpretation panic range Detection of IgG and IgM in pregnant women
Salmonella titer
Test Salmonella titer
Indication Typhoid
Physiology The genus salmonella are gram negative bacteria which cause typhoid. Agglutination test is performed
Normal Range Negative
Interpretation A fourfold increase in titer indicates typhoid fever
Scleroderma antibody test
Test Scleroderma antibody test
Indication Scelerosis
Physiology Sceleroderma is a multisystem disease which causes scelerosis of skin, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, heart and kidney
Normal Range Negative
Interpretation Detection of sceleroderma antibody indicates scelerosis
Serum febrile agglutinin tests
Test Serum febrile agglutinin tests
Indication Persistent fever
Physiology This test is to detect antibody titer of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi. Agglutination reaction is carried out
Smooth muscle antibody
Test Smooth muscle antibody
Indication Liver disease
Physiology The test involves the detection of antismooth muscle antibody against smooth muscle antibody
Normal Range 0.097222222
Interpretation panic range Titer values greater than 1:80 indicates biliary cirrhosis
Sporotrichosis serology
Test Sporotrichosis serology
Indication Arthritis
Physiology This fungal organism invade the fungal extremity and spreads in the lymphatics
Normal Range 1:16
Interpretation Titers greater than 1:16 indicates recent infection
Streptozyme test
Test Streptozyme test
Indication Streptococcal infections
Physiology The test involves the sensitization of sheep red blood cells against five streptococcal exoenzymes
Normal Range >100 units
Interpretation panic range <100 units
T and B lymphocyte subset assay
Test T and B lymphocyte subset assay
Indication Leukemia, lymphoma, AIDS
Physiology Monoclonal antibody reacts with the subsets of T and B lymphocytes. T and B lymphocytes contain a number of subset components. Erythrocyte rossette assay is performed
Normal Range T cells->80%, B cells >60%
Interpretation Panic range T cells<80%.B cells greater than 60% indicate immunodeficiency states
Teichoic acid antibody
Test Teichoic acid antibody
Indication Endocarditis and osteomyelitis
Physiology The test involves the detection of serological response to teichoic acid produced from staphyloccus aureus
Normal Range ≤1:2
Interpretation Titers higher than the normal value indicates chronic infections
Tetanus antibody
Test Tetanus antibody
Indication Tetanus
Normal Range Negative
Interpretation Presence of hemaglutinating antibody indicates recent tetanus infection
Thyroid antithyroglobulin antibody
Test Thyroid antithyroglobulin antibody
Indication Autoimmune thyroiditis
Physiology Antibodies to thyroglobulin is detected in 70% of cases. Haemagglutination test is carried out
Normal Range > 1: 400
Thyrotropin receptor antibody
Test Thyrotropin receptor antibody
Indication Hyperthyroidism and Graves’ disease
Physiology It is an autoantibody to the thyroid cell receptor for thyroid hormones. Radioreceptor asasay is performed
Normal Range Negative
Interpretation Detection of these antibodies confirms Graves’ disease
TORCH test
Test TORCH test
Indication Congenital infection
Physiology Toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus and herpes are capable of causing infections. ELISA test is carried out
Normal Range Varies from lab to lab
Interpretation Increased IgM and IgG titres confirm the presence of encephalitis and hepatitis
Toxoplasmosis gondii
Test Toxoplasmosis gondii
Indication Central nervous system disorders in AIDS
Physiology Toxoplasama gondii is excreted by cats and if encountered by immune-compromised patients causes cerebritis .Indirect fluorescence antibody test is carried out.
Normal Range > 1: 164
Interpretation An increasing immunofluorescence antibody titer indicates recent infections
